nano electromechanical system

NANO ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS
and
ITS IMPLICATIONS IN THE FIELD OF
MILITARY and DEFENCE
ABSTRACT
NEMS( nano electro mechanical systems) a sophisticated branch of technology which is capable of realizing all the long envisioned goals of modern science through the help of already nurtured branches ,MEMS(micro electro mechanical systems) and nano technology.
Briefing about MEMS and NEMS we can say that MEMS is a new and exciting area in mechanical engineering which uses the technology developed in the fabrication of integrated circuits in order to make micro-scale mechanical devices. Where NEMS requires circuits that are to be fabricated on nano scale. Major requirements of these nano devices to be met are preconditioned in order to attain optimization of the resources used.
INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology is likely to be extremely important in the future as it allows materials to be built up atom by atom. This can eventually lead to the development of new materials that are better suited for the current requirements. .The list of materials being developed commercially using nanotechnology is likely to grow at a very fast rate. one such advancement using nano technology is its application in the field of electromechanical systems and hence giving it a name “NANO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS”(NEMS).

What is NEMS and where does it originate from?
Electro mechanical systems (EMS), regardless of scale, generally consist of two integrated components. The mechanical parts include moveable structures such as mirrors, beams, cantilevers and gears which respond to applied forces by deflection or vibration. The electronic elements, such as small motors and integrated circuits act as transducers to transform mechanical motion into optical or electrical signals and vice versa. Scaling these down, there are two distinct levels of EMS: MEMS and NEMS
MEMS represent the marriage of semiconductor processing to mechanical engineering - at a very small scale. And it is a field that has grown enormously during the past decade. MEMS have been studied for decades and are now finding increasing application in industrial and commercial sectors . While MEMS technology is technically outside the nanotechnology domain, we include it as many researchers consider it as an integral part of the nanotechnology field . Indeed, it is expected that the functionalities shown by MEMS could also be performed by NEMS . So while there are some distinctions the technical maturity of MEMS provides some short-term potential and some insights into long-term trajectories for NEMS.
NEMS or nano electro mechanical systems are similar to MEMS or micro electro mechanical systems but smaller. They hold promise to improve abilities to measure small displacements and forces at a molecular scale, and are related scale
How is it possible to work with NEMS?
NEMS is defined as as including the integration of sensors, actuators electronics, photonics, energy, fluidics, chemistry, and biology into a meaningful system enabled by submicrometer science and engineering precision. We also need to think about scaling. For example, what happens when the electrical domain is scaled downing size? And how do we address the challenges associated with ultrafine scaling in the mechanical, optical, chemical, fluidic, and biological domains? Let’s explore some of the exciting new opportunities in NEMS. The Age of NEMS and its products are surely unpredictable, but let me mention five exciting and compelling potential applications. There are important parameters that are making this impractical science highly demanding.

• Higher natural frequency of mechanical parts of NEMS which means a faster response to applied forces;

• Higher quality or Q factor of resonance, which results in lower energy consumption and suppressed thermo-mechanical noise; and

• Smaller effective mass of the vibrational parts, which gives extremely high sensitivity

The nanoparticles encode specific information such as the identity of a type of bio molecule that might be attached to its surface. And, best of all ,the structure is made using very simple MEMS processing methods
Why nano technology in military?
The possible applications of nanotechnology to advanced weaponry are fertile ground for fantasy. It is obvious that three-dimensional assembly of nanostructures in bulk can yield much better versions of most conventional (nonnuclear) weapons; e.g., guns can be lighter, carry more ammunition, fire self-guided bullets, incorporate multispectral gunsights or even fire themselves when an enemy is detected.
Certainly, nanotechnology offers many colorful possibilities for creative mass murder. For example, for some reason one of the most frequent flights of fancy is the programmable genocide germ that replicates freely and kills people who have certain DNA patterns. Such a weapon is possible by use of NEMS/MEMS.

It is easy to kill. War is a contest to suppress your enemy's capabilities before he can suppress yours. This doesn't leave much room for fancy swordplay or gothic revenge scenarios in serious combat. An actual nanotechnic war, if one ever occurs, is likely to be inhumanly fast and enormously destructive. Clever tactics and nifty gadgets are irrelevant if your enemy can simply blow you up. Thus there is a need nano gadgets

What is role of NEMS in defence?
Other forms of nanotechnology being developed include tiny sensors called nano-units, of which some simple types are available: "smart materials" that change in response to light or heat; "nano-bots" - tiny mobile robots that have yet to be developed but are theoretically possible; and self-assembling nano-materials that can be assembled into larger equipment
first and second generation weapons being atomic and hydrogen bombs which gave a base for neutron bomb of third generation which never found a permanent place in the military arsenals. where as Fourth-generation nuclear weapons are new types of nuclear explosives that can be developed in full compliance with the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) using inertial confinement fusion (ICF) facilities such as the NIF in the US defining technical characteristic of fourth-generation nuclear weapons is the triggering - by some advanced technology such as a superlaser, magnetic compression, antimatter, etc. - of a relatively small thermonuclear explosion in which a deuterium-tritium mixture is burnt in a device whose weight and size are not much larger than a few kilograms and litres. Hence there is a need for a technology which is more economical in using its resources .So here comes the need for nano devices which can accomplish the specified requirements. All this can be made possible by use of advanced technology NEMS. As we know nanotechnology and micromechanical engineering are integral parts of ICF pellet construction. But this is also the case with ICF drivers and diagnostic devices, and even more so with all the hardware that will have to be miniaturized and 'ruggedised' to the extreme in order to produce a compact, robust, and cost-effective weapon.
Since these new weapons will use no (or very little) fissionable materials, they will produce virtually no radioactive fallout. Their proponents will define them as "clean" nuclear weapons - and possibly draw a parallel between their battlefield use and the consequences of the expenditure of depleted uranium ammunition.

ADVANTAGES:
The technological advancements in the field of Military and defence have reached to a level to which we can make our defence techniques more reliable and improvised
• Improved bulletproof vests that can harden or soften as necessary are developed. Which make its fibers waterproof and germ-proof. That sort of advance will give soldiers stronger protection with less weight.
• Researchers have developed hollow fibers about 100 microns wide, and filled them with hollow beads that contain magnetic particles about 10 nanometers long. When exposed to a magnetic field, which the soldier could trigger, the beads instantly line up to make the fabric about 50 times stiffer or stronger than it normally is. Soldiers would activate dynamic armor when they hear gunfire, or after bullets puncture the skin.
• The prospect of revolutionary advances in military capabilities will stimulate competition to develop and apply the new technologies toward war preparations, as falling behind would imply an intolerable security risk. Indeed, it is plausible that a nation which gained a sufficient lead in molecular nanotechnology would at some point be in a position to simply disarm any potential competitors.
• Micro/Nano Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS/NEMS) technology is being applied at planetary level to develop novel devices and instruments for In-Situ Planetary Exploration. Electron-beam excited x-ray fluorescence of materials is enabled in air, in the Atmospheric Electron X-ray Spectrometer (AEXS), by means of a micro-fabricated, electron-transmissive membrane. (200-nm)-thick
Scope of NEMS in various fields:
Today’s world accelerating at a tremendous pace have influenced all the aspects of life. ”. Our scientific and technological advancements have transformed our planet to a highly sophisticated place .With all these updated and enhanced technological implementations , life has become a cakewalk to us. We have now reached to a point where “Nothing is impossible.” These remarkable changes are possible because of major breakthroughs in the fields of science and technology one of the exciting areas of research being NEMS .scope in this field is varied

Scope in medicine :
Consider what we might be able to do with a library of over ten thousand distinct nano barcodes, each of which has each a unique biomolecule on its surface important to understanding an individual’s current health condition. We would have a powerful system enabling a multi-analyte bioanalysis capability that can identify predisposition and early exposure to a variety of diseases. But such a multiplexed bioanalysis system might also tell you how a medication is addressing your own individual symptoms, a concept called precision medicine.

Scope in military and defence:
Let’s take this technology one step further onto the battlefield, where it could provide a means for rapidly screaming soilder to biological agents through the best sensor possible—the response of the human body. NEMS will also enable other important new opportunities in the emerging field of nano biotechnology.
NEMS have also become an evolving science widening its scope into all the inter related areas of various sciences.
Conclusion:
In order for nanotechnology to evolve and become commercialized, more attention must be given to applications. Successful applications need to be established that allow industry engineers and designers to gain insight into ways this technology can be used today. As the techniques evolve for effective and efficient production of nano materials and devices, the industry will begin to integrate this technology into their products and Introduction services.